Before I begin my examination of R. Puligandla’s “Phenomenological Reduction and Yogic Meditation,” I must mention that I am awfully sorry for not participating in last week’s Friday Flash. Here is my excuse: I was in Scotland, searching for the Loch Ness Monster. We didn’t find it. But I do find that R. Puligandla just so happens to be a brilliant author, an exceptional portraitist, and a magnificent storyteller. He writes:
“The role of fantasy in eidetic reduction cannot be overemphasized, for the fully arbitrary character of fantasy, without any regard to the reality or unreality of the object, brings out the essential character of the object, those invariant, necessary characteristics without which the object cannot be what it is.” (1)
And the best way to do it is the way Puligandla does it here (underlining for emphasis): “The object may be a color, figure, relation. feeling, perception, or a principle.”(2)
Look at how smoothly that reads. Wow. That’s how you write the letter “a.” He could’ve put an “a” after every one of those commas, which is exactly what I would‘ve done, but he didn‘t, because he’s number one, and there is no ‘a’ in number one. It’s smooth like slip and slide. Seeing that sentence, which is oh-so finely done, is a pretty neat experience.
Lucky for you I have the instructions. I will show you the three steps of seeing, experiencing and doing real things, but first you must relax and warm up.
Now I begin with having some deep breaths, eight of them, inhaling and exhaling through my mouth, and sometimes blowing smoke rings. I turn on some Rick James. With “Super Freak” at full blast, I do the robot for five minutes and fifteen seconds. Next I pour a highball and slurp the first two sips, then I slug it down. Before sitting on the carpet, I click my heels together and close my eyes and say “there’s no place like Neverland” three times. After that I sit down and cross my legs like I’m a kindergartener all over again. Then I think of a nothingness. Trust me, it works.
Basically if you really want to see things the way they really are, the way they should be seen, then you really need to start seeing things differently, because the way you presently see these things is totally way off and totally bogus and I totally mean everything, all things that you see, that you experience, that you do, are respectively all seen, experienced and done incorrectly: you have never ever even once been correct about anything; you are entirely wrong about everything; these things that you think are pretty real, and these people who you think are really your friends, are all really just fake; and your fantasy, you know the one, is real, or at least as real as your reality, and all you have to do is wake up and start dreaming, then you can start seeing, experiencing and doing real things.
The first step of seeing, experiencing and doing real things is called the epoché.(3) According to R. Puligandla, the epoché is when the agent separates, or, rather, “brackets”(4) the fabrications about objects in the world from the truths of objects in the world, so that the essence of the world and its objects are purified, detached from all beliefs and theories and assumptions about them, which have been established through studies in science, logic and mathematics.
The second step is when the agent abandons the “facts”(5) about an object, any object, in exchange for its essence. The agent then begins to fantasize about objects and fantastic things such as the Loch Ness Monster but a newer version, one which has yet to be seen or experienced. Fantasies should not be underestimated, as they are closer to establishing the essence of an object because they do not correlate with fabrications such as popular beliefs and theories and assumptions.
Step three is pretty simple. All you have to do is liberate yourself from knowledge. Knowledge includes everything. Everything includes logic, science, math, theory, belief, thoughts, dreams, etcetera.
Once you’ve done that then you can do some meditation. Here I will briefly summarize first five exercises (angas) of Patanjali’s yoga, which are called yama, niyama, asana, pranayama and pratyahara. These five yogic forms are very similar to the epoché, the first stage of phenomenological reduction. According to R. Puligandla, the purpose here is to suspend “the natural attitude” and put the mind “in a position to direct full attention to any object whatever and grasp it in its primordiality.”(6) Yama and niyama are exercises that will free yourself from mental distractions, which arise from unrestrained emotions and desires. Asana and pranayama are exercises that will free yourself from physical distractions, which arise from your sense-organs attachment to your mind. Next up is pratyahara, and what you want to do here is cut yourself, and your mind, off from the external world, which is a product, a fabrication, manufactured in your brain by your sense-organs.
When you’ve mastered these first five exercises then you’re good to go, to move on to the first three stages of concentration: dharana, dhyana and samadhi. Although samadhi is the first objective of yogic meditation, according to R. Puligandla, it is not the primary objective. Samadhi is only the gateway to kaivalya, which is also known as moksa, which is also known as final liberation, which is also known as “total freedom from bondage.”(6) It is the stage when the agent disappears. It is the stage when all self-awareness in the mind of an agent has disappeared, thus the object is all that remains, and its essence shines, shines, SHINES.
Here is how you get ready for samadhi: Dharana and dhyana are the preliminary stages of samadhi, in which the agent considers a single object. If the mind jumps and A.D.D. kicks in, then the agent must get back, returning his or her thoughts to the single object before it’s too late, before Dharana is lost. The less an agent loses concentration on this single object, the better their Dharana. When Dharana is pure, the agent will continue to the dhyana stage. This is the stage when there is no loss or lack of concentration on a single object, and the stage that leads into samadhi. The agent must master these two stages.
After that you should be ready.
WORKS CITED: 1. R. Puligandla, “Phenomenological Reduction and Yogic Meditation,” Philosophy East and West, Vol. 20, No. 1 (Jan., 1970), pp. 19-33. University of Hawai’i Press. jstor.org/stable/1397657 (accessed April 13, 2010)
2. Quoted in R. Puligandla, “Phenomenological Reduction and Yogic Meditation.”
3. Quoted in R. Puligandla, “Phenomenological Reduction and Yogic Meditation.”
4. Quoted in R. Puligandla, “Phenomenological Reduction and Yogic Meditation.”
5. Quoted in R. Puligandla, “Phenomenological Reduction and Yogic Meditation.”
6. Quoted in R. Puligandla, “Phenomenological Reduction and Yogic Meditation.”
fiction Companions
blowing smoke rings, rick james, sips